Nagaland is home to diverse indigenous ethnic groups, each with its distinct customs, traditions, and languages. The land has been inhabited by various indigenous ethnic groups for centuries. The earliest recorded history of Nagaland dates back to the 13th century. In the 19th century, British colonial forces began expanding their influence in Northeast India, including the Naga Hills. The British encountered fierce resistance from the Nagas who opposed foreign rule.

After India’s independence in 1947, the question of the Naga Hills’ political status emerged. The Naga National Council, led by Zapu Phizo, demanded an independent Naga nation and launched an armed struggle for an independent state. The Indian Government, however, maintained that Nagaland was an integral part of India. The conflict between the Naga National Council and the Indian Government resulted in a protracted insurgency that lasted for several decades limiting its economic development. It became the 16th state of India on 1 December 1963.